The use of military drones in South Asia, particularly by India and Pakistan, has emerged as a transformative factor in modern warfare. Both countries have increasingly relied on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for reconnaissance, surveillance, and tactical strikes. The expanding drone capabilities in India and Pakistan are reshaping their military strategies and have implications for regional security, defense modernization, and the broader geopolitical landscape. With this series of articles, we will cover the drone capabilities of India and Pakistan in depth.
Introduction to the Drone Revolution
Drones, also known as UAVs, have gained prominence in military operations globally due to their precision, versatility, and reduced risk to human personnel. Initially, these systems were used for surveillance and reconnaissance, but over time, their capabilities have expanded to include strike missions and intelligence gathering. In the context of India and Pakistan, drones are being integrated into both defensive and offensive strategies to counter threats posed by conventional and asymmetric warfare.
India’s Drone Strategy
India has been steadily advancing its drone capabilities in recent years, driven by security concerns related to its borders with Pakistan and China. India’s defence forces are increasingly adopting UAVs to enhance situational awareness and strengthen intelligence-gathering operations along its borders.
- The Indigenous Push: India has made significant strides in developing indigenous drones to reduce reliance on foreign suppliers. The Indian Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) has been at the forefront of developing several UAV models, including the Rustom and Netra. These drones are designed for tactical surveillance, reconnaissance, and payload delivery.
- Strategic Use of Drones: India has deployed drones in both the Indian-Pakistani and Indian-Chinese theaters. Drones are used for surveillance of the Line of Control (LoC) in Kashmir, a region that has witnessed frequent clashes between Indian and Pakistani forces. The ability to monitor enemy movements, gather intelligence, and respond to threats in real-time has made drones a valuable asset in this region.
- Anti-Terrorism Operations: India has also used drones in its counterinsurgency operations in Jammu and Kashmir. The UAVs assist in identifying militant hideouts and providing intelligence to ground forces. The recent tensions between India and Pakistan, particularly after incidents like the 2019 Pulwama attack, have further intensified the need for more advanced drone systems to target and neutralize threats with precision.
- Acquisitions and Partnerships: India has also entered into international partnerships to bolster its drone capabilities. Notably, India signed agreements with Israel and the United States for the acquisition of advanced UAV systems. Israel’s Heron drones and the American MQ-9 Reaper are among the platforms being integrated into the Indian military’s arsenal. These drones enhance India’s capability for long-range surveillance and targeted strikes.
Pakistan’s Drone Strategy
Pakistan, a nation with an established history of using asymmetric warfare strategies, has also increasingly turned to drones to maintain a military edge over its neighbor, India. However, Pakistan’s drone program has faced different challenges and limitations compared to India, including technological gaps and dependence on foreign imports.
- Limited Indigenous Capabilities: Unlike India, Pakistan’s indigenous drone development has been relatively slower. However, Pakistan has developed its own tactical UAVs such as the Burraq and Shahpar. The Burraq is particularly notable as it is Pakistan’s first indigenously developed armed drone, capable of carrying laser-guided missiles for precision strikes.
- Surveillance and Reconnaissance: Pakistan’s drones have been primarily used for surveillance and reconnaissance, particularly along the LoC and the Afghanistan-Pakistan border. The drones provide Pakistan’s military with a strategic advantage in monitoring Indian troop movements and responding to incursions, especially in disputed regions like Kashmir.
- Operational Use in Afghanistan: Pakistan has also used drones in operations against insurgent groups along the Afghanistan border. UAVs have been effective in tracking and eliminating targets linked to Taliban and other militant organizations. This has been critical in Pakistan’s efforts to stabilize its western border areas while preventing cross-border terrorism.
- Chinese Collaboration: Pakistan’s drone capabilities have been bolstered through its defence partnership with China. Pakistan has been a key buyer of Chinese-made drones, which offer advanced technologies at more affordable prices compared to Western counterparts. The Wing Loong and CH-4 are two prominent Chinese drones that have been integrated into Pakistan’s military operations. These drones serve a dual purpose: for surveillance and as strike platforms.
Strategic Implications for South Asia
- Regional Arms Race: The increasing reliance on drones by both India and Pakistan contributes to a growing regional arms race. Both countries view the acquisition and development of UAV technology as crucial to their strategic military postures. The deployment of drones increases the possibility of miscalculations and escalation, especially in a volatile region like South Asia, where both nations possess nuclear weapons.
- Impact on Conventional Warfare: Drones have the potential to reduce the significance of traditional warfare tactics in the region. As both countries develop and deploy more advanced UAVs, the risk of conflict evolving into precision strikes—without direct human involvement—grows. The traditional doctrine of large-scale land or air battles might be overshadowed by the increasing importance of precision warfare using drones.
- Countermeasures and Anti-Drone Technologies: As both India and Pakistan advance their drone capabilities, they are also investing in counter-drone technologies. These include electronic warfare systems, anti-aircraft systems, and other mechanisms designed to neutralize enemy UAVs. This evolving cat-and-mouse game of developing and countering drone technologies could shape the future of military strategies in the region.
- Impact on International Relations: The growing drone capabilities in both India and Pakistan also affect their relationships with global powers. The United States, for example, is a key supplier of drones to India, while China is a critical partner for Pakistan in this regard. The strengthening of drone technology by both countries may encourage further geopolitical entanglements and influence their alliances on the global stage.
The emergence of military drones in India and Pakistan signifies a major transformation in their defense strategies, prioritizing precision, efficiency, and minimizing human risk in combat zones. With a growing reliance on drones for surveillance, reconnaissance, and targeted strikes, these unmanned systems are set to redefine warfare in the region. However, as both nations continue to advance and expand their UAV capabilities, the risks of escalating tensions, an arms race, and the need for effective countermeasures also increase. The integration of drones into South Asia’s military landscape is not just a technological shift but a crucial factor in shaping regional security and stability in the future.
Understanding Pakistan’s Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Programme
Highlights
This analysis explores Pakistan’s evolution in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) development, highlighting its transformation into a key strategic military asset since the late 1990s. As the world’s fourth-largest operator of drones, Pakistan has made significant advancements in UAV technology and operational capabilities.
The study traces major milestones, beginning with the Pakistani Air Force (PAF) introducing the Satuma Jasoos II ‘Bravo+’ UAV in 2004, followed by the UQAB series in 2008. In the mid-2010s, Pakistan enhanced its UAV capabilities by acquiring Germany’s Luna UAVs and deploying U.S.-supplied ScanEagle UAVs, expanding its operational versatility.
Pakistan’s shift towards Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles (UCAVs) marked another critical phase, with the induction of the Chinese-made CH-3A UCAV, later named Burraq. This success paved the way for the development of the Shahpar series, underscoring Pakistan’s commitment to indigenous UAV advancements. Further progress was made with the addition of Chinese-made CH-4B UCAVs and the PAF’s acquisition of the Wing Loong I in 2016, followed by the Wing Loong II in 2021, offering significant strategic advantages.
The analysis also delves into Pakistan’s broader UAV initiatives, including co-producing the Italian-made Falco UAV and the recent unveiling of the domestically manufactured Ranger UAV in 2024. Additionally, Pakistan has played a role in international UAV collaborations, contributing to the Turkish ANKA UAV program.
Beyond military applications, reports suggest Pakistan has established UAV facilities along the India-Pakistan border, allegedly supporting smuggling operations into India. The comparative analysis of UAV development in India and Pakistan provides insight into their respective technological capabilities, sources of procurement, and strategic objectives.
This comprehensive examination offers a deeper understanding of the evolving UAV landscape and its implications for military strategy and regional security in South Asia.
Pakistan’s Acquisition of UCAVs
Pakistan’s introduction to Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles (UCAVs) began with the use of US MQ-1 Predator drones, which operated from Shamsi airfield during the War on Terror. These drones were deployed to target militants in Pakistan’s tribal areas, shaping the Pakistani military’s strategic outlook and sparking interest in acquiring similar armed UAVs from the United States. However, after facing challenges in obtaining these drones, Pakistan turned to China and secured a licensing agreement for the domestic production of the Chinese CH-3A UCAV. Rebranded as Burraq, this acquisition marked a significant shift towards self-reliance in advanced UAV technology. The Burraq UCAV remains a key asset for both the Pakistani Army and Air Force, highlighting Pakistan’s adaptability to evolving security threats.
The success of the Burraq led to the development of the Shahpar-1, an indigenous UAV designed by Global Industrial and Defence Solutions (GIDS). Integrated into the Pakistani Air Force in 2012, the Shahpar-1 was primarily used for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions. In 2021, Pakistan introduced the Shahpar-2, an upgraded ISR platform, with an armed variant further enhancing its operational capabilities. This advancement positions the Shahpar-2 as a potential successor to the Burraq, underscoring Pakistan’s commitment to UAV modernization and technological innovation.
As Pakistan phases out the Burraq in favor of the Shahpar-2, it continues to diversify its UCAV arsenal. The acquisition of Chinese CH-4B UCAVs further expanded its drone capabilities, while the Pakistani Air Force’s adoption of the Wing Loong I in 2016, though limited in scale, served primarily for training and doctrinal development. In 2021, the Pakistani Air Force expanded its fleet with the Wing Loong II, signaling potential plans for larger-scale procurement. Similarly, the Pakistani Navy has followed the Army’s approach, acquiring CH-4B UCAVs in significant numbers by late 2021, further strengthening its aerial capabilities.
Pakistan’s Acquisition of Chinese UCAVs
The first confirmed sighting of a Chinese Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (UCAV) in Pakistan occurred in 2016 when a UCAV crashed near the Mianwali air base, drawing significant media attention. An investigation of the wreckage confirmed the presence of the Wing Loong I in Pakistan. Subsequent satellite imagery from 2017 and 2018 revealed two Wing Loong I UCAVs stationed at the base, indicating that these drones were either undergoing evaluation or had already entered operational use.
However, by 2019, satellite imagery no longer showed these UCAVs at Mianwali, and no official statements were made regarding their status. The Wing Loong I resurfaced in February 2021 after a two-year absence, though the specific branch of the Pakistani Armed Forces operating the drones remains unconfirmed. Nonetheless, the Pakistani Air Force (PAF) is widely considered the most likely operator, especially given its later procurement of the more advanced Wing Loong II.
Pakistan was negotiating a deal to co-produce approximately 48 Wing Loong II UCAVs at the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC). However, these claims were later debunked, and the timeline for acquiring the Wing Loong II was pushed back by three years. By 2021, reports confirmed that the PAF had placed a significant order for Wing Loong II drones from the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC). Despite earlier speculation, there have been no indications of plans to co-produce these UCAVs domestically.
In July 2021 when a Wing Loong II was spotted at the Mianwali air base, the same location previously used for Wing Loong I operations. The Wing Loong II units acquired by Pakistan are reportedly equipped with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and an array of air-to-ground weaponry. With six hardpoints capable of carrying guided missiles and precision bombs, these drones provide the PAF with a strategic advantage, particularly over India, which currently lacks operational UCAVs aside from two leased MQ-9B Sea-Guardians used for maritime surveillance by the Indian Navy.
Pakistan’s growing UCAV capabilities—encompassing the Burraq, Shahpar series, and Chinese-made CH-4B and Wing Loong models—demonstrate its commitment to enhancing its unmanned aerial operations. The acquisition of the Wing Loong II, featuring advanced sensors and weaponry, further reinforces Pakistan’s focus on maintaining a technological edge in the evolving landscape of drone warfare.
The Pakistani drone fleet consists of a blend of foreign and domestically developed UAVs, with significant contributions from both local defense industries and China. Notably, the Chinese Wing Loong II attack drones and Turkish Anka models play a central role, complemented by a variety of reconnaissance and strike-capable UAVs. This diverse and technologically sophisticated drone arsenal enables Pakistan to maintain a balanced and formidable unmanned aerial force.
Wing Loong II (CAIG Wing Loong II)
The Wing Loong II is a Chinese-designed, developed, and manufactured unmanned reconnaissance-attack drone. It was introduced to the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) in 2022, fulfilling a Medium-Altitude, Long-Endurance (MALE) capability for the force. The Wing Loong II is an evolution of the earlier Wing Loong I, and it also serves as the basis for the later Wing Loong III variant. The first flight of the Wing Loong II occurred in 2017, with the series being inducted shortly thereafter. Serial production of the model began in 2015, with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) being the largest operator of the platform. The Wing Loong II is referred to as the “Shahpar-2” in Pakistan. The Shahpar-2 is Pakistan’s locally developed variant, which is based on the Chinese Wing Loong II. It is designed for reconnaissance, surveillance, and precision strike operations, aligning with Pakistan’s defense modernization efforts. The Shahpar-2 enhances Pakistan’s capabilities in unmanned aerial systems, providing advanced features and long-endurance performance similar to the Wing Loong II. PAF is having 50 units of the Wing Loong II.
The drone is powered by a 100hp turbocharged engine, driving a three-bladed propeller, mounted at the rear section, the Wing Loong II is equipped with four underwing hardpoints, capable of carrying modern air-launched guided or homing missiles, which are commonly used by the PAF. The weaponry options include AKD-10 air-to-surface anti-tank missile, BRMI-90 90mm guided rocket, FT-7/130 small 130kg bomb with planar wing, FT-9/50 50kg bomb for drones, FT-10/25 25kg bomb, GB-7/50 50kg precision-guided munition (PGM), and GB-4/100 PGM. This gives the UAV significant strike capabilities, complementing its reconnaissance and surveillance roles.
Compared to other UAVs in its class, such as the MQ-9 Reaper from the United States or the Heron TP from Israel, the Wing Loong II is relatively cost-effective while offering similar capabilities in terms of payload and endurance. It is a formidable competitor in the growing global UAV market, especially for countries looking to enhance their aerial surveillance and strike capabilities without the high costs of Western alternatives.
Overall, the Wing Loong II stands out as an advanced and versatile UAV, providing significant operational flexibility for military forces seeking to strengthen their surveillance and strike capabilities.
Jasoos II (SATUMA Jasoos II)
The Satuma Jasoos II (also known as Jasoos II) is an early-generation unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) developed and introduced by Pakistan as part of its efforts to enhance its reconnaissance and surveillance capabilities. The Satuma Jasoos II is part of Pakistan’s initiative to build a self-reliant drone program, and it played an essential role in the early development of UAVs for the Pakistani military. The Jasoos II is a locally-developed and manufactured reconnaissance / training drone utilized by the modern PAF through some 46 active examples. The aircraft is the product of SATUMA of Pakistan and represents a tactical-level unmanned solution. The design can carry up to 55lb of mission equipment and reach a speed of 130kmh with its conventional engine offering 38 horsepower. The Satuma Jasoos II was inducted into service in 2004 by the Pakistan Air Force (PAF).
The Satuma Jasoos II was primarily used for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions, assisting the Pakistan Air Force and Pakistan Army in monitoring enemy movements, tracking targets, and conducting border surveillance. This UAV played a significant role in strengthening Pakistan’s ability to conduct aerial reconnaissance over difficult terrain and during critical military operations.
Falco (SELEX Falco)
The Falco (also known as SELEX Falco) is an Italian-made medium-altitude, long-endurance (MALE) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), developed by Selex ES (a division of Leonardo S.p.A.). The Falco UAV has been designed primarily for surveillance, reconnaissance, and target acquisition. It has been widely used for military applications, offering a balance of operational endurance and payload capacity, making it an essential tool for intelligence gathering and reconnaissance missions. The Falco UAV was co-produced by the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) in Kamra, Punjab, beginning in August 2009. This collaboration between Italy and Pakistan aimed at enhancing Pakistan’s indigenous UAV capabilities. The Falco has been in operation with the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) since then, serving as a valuable asset for surveillance and homeland security operations. 26 active examples in the PAF inventory today.
As of now, the Falco continues to play a key role in the PAF’s UAV fleet. There are also discussions about upgrading the system to integrate more modern payloads and technologies, ensuring it remains relevant to evolving operational needs. However, Pakistan is also focusing on developing more advanced, indigenous UAV systems, such as the Burraq and Shahpar series, which could eventually replace the Falco for certain missions.
New Procurement
CH-4A/B (CASC CH-4 Rainbow)
The CH-4A/B (CASC CH-4 Rainbow) is a series of Chinese-made Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicles (UCAVs) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) designed for reconnaissance, surveillance, and strike operations. Developed by the China Academy of Aerospace Aerodynamics (CAAA), these drones are part of China’s Rainbow series, which has gained attention for its capabilities and strategic importance. Developed by China Aerospace Corporation (CASC), The CH-4A made its first flight in 2010, and the CH-4B entered service in 2015. It is primarily designed for reconnaissance, surveillance, and precision strike missions.
The CH-4 drones have been used by various nations, including Pakistan, which has acquired both the CH-4A and CH-4B versions to bolster its surveillance and combat capabilities. They have been integrated into the Pakistan Army Aviation and Pakistan Air Force.
Pakistan’s acquisition of the CH-4 series significantly enhances its operational flexibility in unmanned warfare, particularly for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR), as well as in precision strike capabilities.
The CH-4 drones represent an essential leap in Pakistan’s military UAV capabilities. Their integration into Pakistan’s forces allows for more advanced reconnaissance, enhanced situational awareness, and the ability to conduct precision strikes without risking manned aircraft.
The CH-4 Rainbow is another Chinese-manufactured drone that is actively operated by the Pakistan Air Force (PAF). It was introduced into service in 2021, and it is believed that around two dozen units are currently in use, including both the A- and B-model variants. The CH-4’s design and functionality are similar to that of the American MQ-9 Reaper UAV. The A-model is primarily focused on reconnaissance, while the B-model is equipped with strike capabilities. Powered by a conventional engine producing 1,000 horsepower, the drone is capable of reaching speeds of 330 km/h in level flight. 24 active examples in the PAF inventory today.
Anka (TAI Anka)
Pakistan inducted the TAI Anka UAV into its inventory in 2021, with the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) as the primary operator. It is believed that Pakistan has acquired a modest fleet of these drones to strengthen its reconnaissance, surveillance, and strike capabilities. The Anka is designed to complement Pakistan’s existing UAVs, providing enhanced capabilities for Medium-Altitude, Long-Endurance (MALE) operations.
The Anka is a conventional Turkish-origin UAV with a reconnaissance-attack mission set, similar in function to the American Predator drones. Its induction into the PAF’s inventory in 2021 allows it to fulfil a MALE role within Pakistan’s defense framework. To support local production, Pakistan secured a production license for the Anka in 2021. Initially flown in 2010 and introduced into Turkish service that same year, the Anka is still in production today, though it has been succeeded by the more advanced Aksunger.
As of today, there are reportedly 24 active Anka UAVs in the PAF’s inventory.
Burraq (NESCOM Burraq)
The NESCOM Burraq is a domestically developed Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) by Pakistan’s National Engineering and Scientific Commission (NESCOM). It was introduced as part of Pakistan’s initiative to bolster its unmanned aerial capabilities, particularly for surveillance, reconnaissance, and strike missions. The Burraq is regarded as one of Pakistan’s first homegrown drones, marking a significant milestone in the country’s push towards military self-reliance in technology.
This reconnaissance-strike UAV is operated in limited numbers by both the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) and the Pakistan Army, with both branches utilizing it for tactical operations. Designed and manufactured by NESCOM, the Burraq serves as a tactical-level asset, providing intelligence and precision strike capabilities. Its first successful flight took place in mid-2009, and it officially entered service in 2013, with production continuing since 2009.
The Burraq UAV symbolizes Pakistan’s increasing technological independence in the defense sector. It is recognized as a critical asset for covert intelligence gathering and targeted strikes, enabling the Pakistan Army to carry out precise operations with minimal risk to personnel. Furthermore, the development of the Burraq underscores the growing importance of domestic UAV production in Pakistan’s ongoing military modernization efforts.
In the context of Pakistan’s broader strategy to integrate advanced UAVs into its defense framework, the Burraq has paved the way for the Shahpar series, an evolution of the Burraq model, highlighting the country’s progress in unmanned aerial systems.
As of today, there are reportedly 13 active Anka UAVs in the PAF’s inventory.
Shahpar-II Block II
The Shahpar II, developed by Global Industrial and Defence Solutions (GIDS), is a state-of-the-art Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) designed and produced in Pakistan. It is an evolution of the earlier Shahpar I, also created by GIDS. As a Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) UAV, the Shahpar II Block II (Surveillances & Armed) specializes in reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition missions, similar to other UAVs in the MALE category. However, the Shahpar II boasts enhanced capabilities, including a higher payload capacity, improved surveillance systems, and longer endurance compared to its predecessor.
The primary function of the Shahpar-II Block II is to provide intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) support to Pakistan’s defense forces. Additionally, it is equipped with the ability to conduct precision strikes, significantly boosting its tactical value in military operations. This dual-purpose capability (Surveillances & Armed) makes the Shahpar II a highly versatile asset for Pakistan’s defense strategy, serving both intelligence-gathering and combat roles.
The cost of the Shahpar II UAV is estimated to range between $3 million and $5 million USD per unit, based on similar systems available in the market.
Pakistan has integrated the Shahpar II UAV into its Pakistan Air Force (PAF), with potential usage across other branches like the Pakistan Army. It is believed that Pakistan has acquired a modest number of units, with estimates suggesting around 12 units in service. The Shahpar II is expected to enhance Pakistan’s UAV fleet by bolstering its reconnaissance, surveillance, and strike capabilities.
Weapons System (Shahpar II – Armed)
- In Armed configuration, UAV is equipped with total 4 AGMs. 2x AGMs / weapon of 45kg under each wing station
- 3rd party AGM can also be integrated with Shahpar-II keeping in view carriage capacity, integration feasibility
Shahpar (GIDS Shahpar)
The Shahpar is a Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) developed by Global Industrial and Defence Solutions (GIDS) in Pakistan. It was designed for intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance (ISR), and target acquisition missions, making it a versatile tool for both military and strategic operations. It can operate in tactical and strategic environments, providing valuable real-time intelligence for decision-makers.
The Shahpar is primarily used by the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) and other branches of Pakistan’s military for reconnaissance and surveillance missions. Its secondary role includes target acquisition and precision strike capabilities, offering enhanced flexibility and operational effectiveness. Its primary mission is to gather real-time intelligence and assist in the planning and execution of operations.
The exact number of Shahpar UAVs in Pakistan’s inventory is not publicly disclosed, but it is estimated that around 12 units have been acquired as of recent reports. It is expected that these numbers will grow as the demand for such UAVs increases.
The Shahpar UAV was designed and manufactured by Global Industrial and Defence Solutions (GIDS), a Pakistani defense contractor.
Overall, the Shahpar UAV plays a key role in enhancing Pakistan’s defense capabilities, offering both intelligence-gathering and offensive strike functions, all while being locally produced in Pakistan. The Pakistan Army also makes use of the NESCOM-designed Shahpar series.
TB2 (Bayraktar TB2)
The Bayraktar TB2 is a Turkish-made Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) developed by Baykar Makina. It is a Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) UAV designed primarily for reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition, but also capable of precision strike missions, making it a versatile asset for modern military operations.
The Bayraktar TB2 is used for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR), as well as combat operations due to its ability to carry and launch precision-guided munitions, miniature Air-to-Ground Munition MAM-C, MAM-L, Smart Micro Munition (SMM). The UAV is equipped with high-resolution cameras and detection systems, and it can conduct real-time surveillance and strike missions in various operational environments, including low-intensity conflicts and border monitoring. The Bayraktar TB2 is powered by a Rotax 912 ULS engine, a four-cylinder, air-cooled engine known for its reliability and efficiency in small aircraft. Delivering 100 horsepower, the engine provides sufficient power for both endurance and speed. The Bayraktar TB2 operates through an advanced command and control (C2) system and the EO and IR sensors are integrated into the UAV’s electro-optical/infrared turret, which is capable of both target detection and target tracking.
Its strike capability comes from its ability to carry guided munitions, such as laser-guided bombs and missiles, allowing it to engage targets with high precision. Pakistan officially acquired the Bayraktar TB2 in 2021. The UAV was introduced as part of Pakistan’s ongoing effort to modernize its military capabilities and enhance its defense strategy in the face of regional security challenges.
The estimated cost of the Bayraktar TB2 per unit ranges between $5-$6 million USD, depending on the configuration and specific systems integrated into each UAV. It is believed that Pakistan has acquired a modest number of these UAVs. Media reports suggest that Pakistan may have received 6-10 units or more, though the figures remain unconfirmed.
The acquisition of the Bayraktar TB2 adds a critical asset to Pakistan’s UAV fleet, aligning with the country’s strategic goals of enhanced surveillance, target acquisition, and precision strike capabilities. This UAV’s induction is also part of a broader effort to reduce reliance on foreign UAV systems by incorporating more indigenous and foreign-made platforms, supporting Pakistan’s defense modernization goals.
Akinci (Bayraktar Akinci)
The Bayraktar Akinci is a Medium-Altitude, Long-Endurance (MALE) UAV designed for a range of missions, including surveillance, reconnaissance, and precision strikes. It is equipped to carry various air-to-ground munitions, such as precision-guided bombs and other weaponry. Compared to earlier UAV models like the Bayraktar TB2, the Akinci offers significant improvements in payload capacity, endurance, and combat functionality. The Baykar Bayraktar Akıncı unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is carrying out firing trials with versions of the Roketsan MAM-L and MAM-T guided bombs that can be used against targets concealed by cloud cover, Both the MAM-L, which is the standard munition for Baykar’s UAVs, and the MAM-T, a small glide bomb, usually use semi-active laser guidance, but the company said it was testing a MAM-L with a television (TV) seeker and a MAM-T with an imaging infrared (IIR) seeker.
The Pakistan Air Force (PAF) is the primary operator of the Bayraktar Akinci, incorporating it into their unmanned aerial systems (UAS) strategy. The UAV enhances Pakistan’s operational flexibility, improving targeting accuracy and supporting counterterrorism missions, particularly in unstable regions.
Acquiring the Bayraktar Akinci marks a major step in Pakistan’s military modernization efforts. It strengthens capabilities in precision strikes, border surveillance, and tactical operations in contested areas. The UAV’s addition greatly enhances Pakistan’s counter-insurgency capabilities and provides a more advanced platform for its defense strategy.
With its high accuracy and extended endurance, the Bayraktar Akinci significantly boosts Pakistan’s ability to conduct multi-role operations, making it a crucial asset in their aerial warfare approach.
The first of six units was delivered in 2023, marking a significant expansion of Pakistan’s drone capabilities on the modern battlefield. The twin-engine Akinci made its maiden flight in 2019 and entered service in 2021. To date, over 60 units have been produced by Bayraktar of Turkey and have been exported to countries including Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Ethiopia, and Libya. The exact cost of Pakistan’s Bayraktar Akinci drones is not publicly disclosed. However, it is understood that the Akinci is more expensive than the Bayraktar TB2, which is priced at approximately $5 million per unit. Given the Akinci’s advanced capabilities, including its larger payload, extended endurance, and precision strike capabilities, its cost is likely to be significantly higher than that of the TB2. Estimates for the Akinci per unit typically range between $10 million to $15 million, but these figures are speculative, as the official cost has not been confirmed.
Salaar (SATUMA Salaar)
The SATUMA Salaar is an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) developed by Pakistan’s National Engineering and Scientific Commission (NESCOM) under the SATUMA program. It is designed for surveillance, reconnaissance, and strike missions for the Pakistan Armed Forces, particularly enhancing capabilities for tactical operations.
The primary role of the Salaar UAV is to provide intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities. It is also equipped with strike capabilities, making it a versatile asset in Pakistan’s defense arsenal.
The exact number of SATUMA Salaar UAVs in Pakistan’s inventory is not publicly available, but it is believed to be a limited number. The drone is primarily used by the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) and could potentially be integrated into other branches of the military, including the Pakistan Army.
The cost of the Salaar UAV is not readily disclosed. However, considering its capabilities and role, it is estimated to cost around $2 million to $3 million USD per unit, based on comparisons with similar UAVs in the market.
The Pakistan Air Force (PAF) is the primary user of the Salaar UAV, with potential use by other branches of Pakistan’s military forces for intelligence and strike missions.
The Salaar UAV enhances Pakistan’s ability to conduct precision strikes and surveillance missions with minimal risk to personnel, and it contributes to Pakistan’s military self-reliance and evolving UAV program. It supports the country’s broader defense strategy by improving operational flexibility and enhancing its ability to respond effectively in various military operations.
UQAB NG
The UQAB NG is an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) developed by Pakistan’s GLOBAL INDUSTRIAL & DEFENCE SOLUTIONS as part of the country’s efforts to enhance its surveillance, reconnaissance, and strike capabilities. This domestically produced drone is primarily intended for tactical operations.
The UQAB NG is a catapult-launched, net-recovered fixed-wing UAV system designed for real-time day and night reconnaissance and surveillance missions. It features long endurance, a high service ceiling, and optimized RCS signatures. This lightweight and compact UAV can perform surveillance missions up to 150 km with more than 8 hours of endurance, making it superior to many conventional surveillance drones. It is ideal for clients who need an all-encompassing solution without requiring a runway.
Primarily focused on surveillance and reconnaissance, the UQAB NG also has the added capability for precision strikes, making it a versatile asset for the Pakistan Armed Forces. It excels in tactical intelligence gathering and target acquisition.
Although the exact number of UQAB UAVs in Pakistan’s inventory is not officially disclosed, it is estimated to be around 20 units. The Pakistan Army and Pakistan Air Force (PAF) are the primary users of this UAV.
The UQAB NG cost is not officially confirmed, but it is thought to be in the range of $1 million to $2 million USD per unit, based on similar systems in the market.
The UQAB NG UAV plays a crucial role in strengthening Pakistan’s situational awareness and precision strike capabilities. Its local production bolsters Pakistan’s self-reliance in military technology, contributing to the nation’s defense modernization efforts. The UQAB NG enables low-risk military operations and is a key tool for intelligence gathering in volatile regions.
Produced by GIDS, the domestically made UQAB NG is one of the two UAVs currently operated by the Pakistan Navy, where it is primarily used for general surveillance tasks in maritime environments. First flown in March 2008 and entering service in mid-2011, the UGAB remains exclusive to Pakistan and is an upgraded version of the earlier SATUMA Jasoos line.
Flamingo
The Flamingo is a surveillance UAV developed by Pakistan’s SATUMA (Private) Limited. This unmanned aerial vehicle is designed to enhance Pakistan’s reconnaissance, surveillance, and intelligence-gathering capabilities, particularly for tactical operations. The Flamingo UAV is part of Pakistan’s broader efforts to improve its indigenous drone technology for military purposes.
Primarily used for reconnaissance and surveillance missions. It is a small, lightweight UAV built for tactical reconnaissance and intelligence-gathering in both military and civilian settings. The Flamingo is equipped with day-and-night surveillance capabilities, enabling it to conduct operations in various environmental conditions. It offers long endurance for prolonged surveillance and is capable of operating in challenging terrains and situations.
The Flamingo is designed for use by both the Pakistan Army and Pakistan Air Force (PAF) for real-time intelligence collection. It is used to monitor military activities, identify threats, and gather critical data for operational planning.
The exact number of Flamingo UAVs in Pakistan’s inventory is not publicly disclosed, but it is considered a significant asset for situational awareness in tactical scenarios. As with other UAVs developed by NESCOM, the Flamingo is likely part of Pakistan’s strategy to improve its self-reliance in defense technology and reduce reliance on foreign suppliers.
This UAV complements Pakistan’s broader effort to integrate more advanced, domestically produced UAVs into its defense arsenal, enhancing operational flexibility, especially in surveillance and intelligence-gathering missions.
Bravo+
The Bravo+ UAV is a tactical surveillance drone developed by Pakistan’s SATUMA (Private) Limited. It is designed to enhance the surveillance, reconnaissance, and intelligence-gathering capabilities of Pakistan’s defense forces, particularly the Pakistan Army and Pakistan Air Force (PAF).
Primarily used for surveillance, reconnaissance, and intelligence-gathering missions. A small, lightweight UAV ideal for tactical and real-time surveillance operations. The Bravo+ UAV is designed to operate in low-altitude and short-range missions, providing high-quality video and imagery in both day and night conditions. It is also capable of performing border surveillance and covert monitoring. It carries electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) payloads for real-time data transmission. The exact cost of the Bravo+ UAV is not publicly disclosed, but based on similar systems, it is estimated to be in the range of $500,000 to $1 million USD per unit.
The Bravo+ UAV is primarily operated by the Pakistan Army and the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) for various surveillance and reconnaissance tasks, contributing to border surveillance, anti-terrorism operations, and counter-insurgency missions. The Bravo+ UAV plays a vital role in Pakistan’s defense strategy by providing real-time intelligence and enhancing situational awareness. As part of Pakistan’s indigenous drone development efforts, it also underscores the nation’s push for self-reliance in military technology, reducing dependence on foreign drone systems. The Bravo+ UAV is a versatile platform for enhancing Pakistan’s surveillance capabilities, particularly in sensitive areas along the country’s borders.
Super Salaar
The Super Salaar UAV is an advanced unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) developed by Pakistan’s SATUMA (Private) Limited This drone is part of Pakistan’s growing portfolio of domestically developed UAV systems designed for surveillance, reconnaissance, and precision strike capabilities.
The Super Salaar is a tactical UAV designed for surveillance, reconnaissance, and intelligence-gathering missions. It is also capable of precision strikes, making it a multi-role asset for Pakistan’s armed forces.
This UAV features a fixed-wing design, optimized for long endurance and high-altitude surveillance. The Super Salaar is equipped with modern electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) sensors for real-time surveillance and imagery collection. The Super Salaar can carry a range of precision-guided munitions (PGMs) for tactical strikes, along with surveillance payloads. The UAV is designed to provide long flight durations, allowing it to conduct extensive surveillance and strike missions over extended periods.
The Super Salaar UAV is still relatively new, and the exact number in Pakistan’s inventory is not officially disclosed. However, it is expected to be used by both the Pakistan Army and Pakistan Air Force (PAF), and its numbers are believed to be modest, likely limited to a few units, as it is still being integrated into the military’s UAV operations.
The Super Salaar UAV is primarily used by the Pakistan Army and Pakistan Air Force (PAF). It is expected to play a critical role in enhancing Pakistan’s tactical surveillance and precision strike capabilities, especially in counterterrorism and border surveillance operations. The Super Salaar UAV enhances Pakistan’s ability to perform long-range surveillance, intelligence gathering, and precision strike missions. It improves the country’s border security and contributes to counterinsurgency and counterterrorism efforts. Additionally, the development of this UAV highlights Pakistan’s push for self-reliance in military technology, decreasing its dependence on foreign UAV platforms.
Mukhbar UAV
The Mukhbar UAV is another domestic development by NESCOM as part of Pakistan’s ongoing efforts to enhance its surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities. It is designed for real-time surveillance and intelligence gathering over extended ranges. The Mukhbar is primarily used for day and night surveillance missions, with an emphasis on intelligence gathering and border surveillance.
The UAV features a fixed-wing design optimized for long endurance and high-altitude operations. It is equipped with modern sensor payloads, such as electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) cameras, which allow it to conduct surveillance missions during both day and night. The Mukhbar UAV is designed for long-duration missions, capable of operating over significant distances without the need for frequent recharges. The UAV is well-suited for tactical-level operations, helping Pakistan’s military forces monitor volatile regions and conduct intelligence gathering.
The exact cost of the Mukhbar UAV is not publicly disclosed; however, based on its capabilities and similar UAV systems, it is estimated to be priced in the range of $1.5 million to $3 million USD.
The number of Mukhbar UAVs in Pakistan’s inventory is believed to be limited, with only a modest number currently in operation within the Pakistan Armed Forces. The Mukhbar UAV is mainly used by the Pakistan Army and Pakistan Air Force for surveillance, intelligence gathering, and border surveillance missions, contributing to Pakistan’s situational awareness.
NBX2 Surveillance UAV
The NBX2 is a domestic surveillance UAV developed by NESCOM (National Engineering and Scientific Commission) in Pakistan. It is designed for tactical surveillance and intelligence-gathering missions across a wide range of military operations.
Primarily used for real-time surveillance and intelligence gathering, the NBX2 is intended to assist the Pakistan Armed Forces in border surveillance and tactical operations. It has a fixed-wing design, offering a high service ceiling and long endurance, ideal for both day and night surveillance missions. The UAV can fly for several hours, giving it the ability to conduct continuous surveillance over vast areas. The NBX2 carries high-tech sensors for surveillance, including electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) systems for real-time imagery and video feeds.
Estimated at $1 million to $2 million USD per unit (subject to similar systems in the market).
The exact number of NBX2 UAVs in Pakistan’s inventory is not publicly disclosed, but it is believed to be part of a limited number of domestic UAVs that are actively used by Pakistan’s armed forces.
Luna NG (LUNA NG)
The LUNA NG (Next Generation) is a tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) that belongs to the LUNA UAV family, developed by the German defense technology company Rheinmetall. Originally a German-made system, Pakistan has integrated the LUNA NG into its military operations to enhance its surveillance, reconnaissance, and intelligence-gathering capabilities. Below are the key details regarding the LUNA NG UAV in the context of Pakistan’s defense strategy.
Manufactured by Rheinmetall, a renowned German defense firm, the LUNA NG UAV was acquired by Pakistan as part of its ongoing efforts to modernize military technology and boost its intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities. Deliveries of the LUNA NG began in 2020. The UAV is designed to support tactical ISR operations, offering real-time surveillance and intelligence collection for various military applications.
The LUNA NG is a compact, lightweight UAV with a wingspan of approximately 4 meters and a length of around 2.4 meters. It is designed for catapult launch and net recovery, enabling quick deployment and easy recovery without the need for a traditional runway.
Equipped with advanced high-performance sensors, including day/night electro-optical (EO) and infrared (IR) cameras, the LUNA NG performs real-time surveillance and intelligence gathering. It excels in close-range tactical ISR missions, making it ideal for border surveillance, counter-insurgency operations, and real-time targeting. With an endurance of up to 12 hours, the UAV is capable of conducting long-duration missions in dynamic environments. Its operational range exceeds 100 km, allowing it to cover large areas during surveillance and reconnaissance missions. The LUNA NG operates at medium altitudes (around 3,000 to 5,000 meters), providing an optimal combination of range and effectiveness.
The LUNA NG UAV is capable of carrying various payloads, such as electro-optical and infrared cameras and other sensor systems, to gather intelligence during both day and night operations. Primarily operated by Pakistan’s Army and Pakistan Air Force (PAF), the LUNA NG is used for tactical surveillance missions, such as border monitoring and intelligence gathering in real-time.
Additional Information on the LUNA Series: The LUNA UAV system, originally of German origin, includes two units operated by the Pakistan Navy. The primary user of the LUNA series is the German Army. The system is powered by a two-stroke engine, which drives a pusher propeller at the rear of the fuselage. The UAV can operate for up to 6 hours, with a Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW) of 88 pounds. It has a range of 62 miles, with line-of-sight communication via an onboard datalink from the ground-based operator.
ScanEagle UAV
The ScanEagle UAV is a compact, lightweight, and highly adaptable unmanned aerial vehicle designed primarily for surveillance, reconnaissance, and intelligence collection. Developed by Insitu, a Boeing subsidiary, it has been widely adopted by numerous countries, including Pakistan, for both military and civilian purposes.
Pakistan acquired the ScanEagle UAV to strengthen its surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities. While the exact number of units in Pakistan’s inventory remains undisclosed, the UAV plays a crucial role in the country’s aerial surveillance efforts.
Used by both the Pakistan Navy and Pakistan Air Force (PAF), the ScanEagle supports a variety of missions, including maritime surveillance, border monitoring, and intelligence gathering, functioning effectively in both day and night conditions.
Due to its small size and long endurance, the ScanEagle is particularly suited for operations in challenging terrains, such as border areas and coastal zones.
Specifications:
- Endurance: Capable of remaining in flight for up to 24 hours, depending on the mission profile and payload.
- Range: Has a range of up to 100 km from the ground control station.
- Payload: Equipped with electro-optical (EO) and infrared (IR) sensors for real-time surveillance and target identification.
- Launch and Recovery: Launched via catapult and recovered using a skyhook system, negating the need for a runway.
The ScanEagle provides Pakistan with a versatile surveillance tool that can operate in remote areas, including borders and coastal regions. It enhances situational awareness, supports counter-terrorism operations, and aids in border patrol and maritime security missions.
In conclusion, the ScanEagle UAV has greatly enhanced Pakistan’s intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) capabilities, improving decision-making and operational efficiency across various military operations.
Pakistan’s Drone Development: A Strategy of Deterrence and Asymmetric Warfare
Recognizing the strategic importance of drones, Pakistan has made notable advancements in developing and acquiring unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The country’s drone fleet includes sophisticated platforms such as the Bayraktar TB2 and Akinci from Turkey, and the Wing Loong II and CH-4 from China. These, along with domestically developed systems like the Burraq and Shahpar, provide Pakistan with a versatile force capable of a wide range of missions, from precision strikes and surveillance to electronic warfare.
The Pakistan Air Force (PAF) plays a crucial role in supporting drone operations, as demonstrated in recent air-defense exercises. By offering protection for UAVs, the PAF can coordinate drone strikes while simultaneously executing manned air missions. Utilizing loitering munitions in conjunction with drones, Pakistan can target key Indian assets, such as the S-400, Advanced Air Defense (AAD), and Prithvi Air Defense (PAD) systems, potentially disrupting Indian defences.
In the next part of this series, we will delve into India’s drone ecosystem, exploring how the country is leveraging its unique strengths to position itself as a global leader in this transformative technology. Don’t forget to share your thoughts in the comment section below. Stay tuned
